PDCD1 and lung carcinoma: In addition, new therapeutic strategies have been applied for lung cancer treatment, including immunotherapy.4, 5, 6 Immunotherapy using antibodies that block immune checkpoints, programmed cell death 1 (PD‐1)/programmed cell death 1 ligand (PD‐L1), has shown impressive antitumor effects and clinical benefits for the treatment of NSCLC.