DDIT3 and inflammatory bowel disease: ER-stress-mediated cell death involving Chop-induced apoptosis has been documented in various pathological conditions, including inflammatory bowel disease [46], myocardial and renal ischemia–reperfusion injury [51, 52], type 2 diabetes [15, 53], steatohepatitis [54], and organ fibrosis involving the liver, kidney, and lung [26, 54–57].