PARP1 and infection: To further evaluate if the pro-survival manipulation of the host cell by R. conorii is maintained over the course of the infection, we quantified cleaved PARP-1, in both uninfected and R. conorii-infected THP-1 macrophages by immunofluorescence microscopy analysis (IFA), at 24, 72, and 120 h post-infection (Figure 6).