The excessive IFN-γ and TNF-α secretion is a signal of a lack of regulation of the pro-inflammatory response and in fact, the high frequencies of cells expressing IFN-γ were associated to low frequencies of cells expressing the IL-10 receptor (16) or IL-10 (6, 17, 18) after infection with L. (V.)braziliensis. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is infection.