TNF and overnutrition: Chronic overnutrition with high-fat meals or rapidly digestible carbohydrates leads to accumulation of fat in the adipose tissue, which subsequently becomes infiltrated with immune cells, inherent with increased systemic concentrations of inflammatory mediators, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) (Kolb and Mandrup-Poulsen, 2010; Morrison and Preston, 2016).