Although 14-3-3 proteins are thought to modulate RAF-ERK signaling both positively and negatively in mammalian cells, partially depending on the presence or absence of signals (Aitken, 2006; Morrison, 2008), no pathogenic variants in 14-3-3 family members have been identified in CFC patients. This evidence concerns the gene MAPK1 and cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome.