Excessive activation of microglia release numbers of pro-inflammatory factors, such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), thereby promoting amyloid precursor protein (APP) expression and Aβ deposition (Lian et al., 2016), suggesting that microglia-mediated neuro-inflammatory response plays an important role in Aβ deposition and the development of AD. Here, TNF is linked to Alzheimer disease.