TNF and neoplasm: Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) infiltrating later in cSCC carcinogenesis are likely influenced by paracrine signaling, including TGF-β and relatively low concentrations of IFN-γ and TNFα, promoting a humoral Type 2 T helper (Th2)-M2 (as opposed to cytotoxic Type 1 T helper (Th1)-M1) response leading to ineffective phagocytosis and antigen presentation with acquisition of an immunoregulatory phenotype [16,17,18].