Cytoplasmic TDP-43 aggregates are not exclusive to muscle formation, neurodegenerative diseases, or progressive neuromuscular diseases.12,18, -20 TDP-43 transiently relocalizes to the cytoplasm of neurons following traumatic brain injury,21 hinting that amyloid-like oligomers may have a similar roles in neuronal and skeletal muscle recovery. This evidence concerns the gene TARDBP and neuromuscular disease.