HIF1A and cancer: VEGF-mediated aberrant neovascularisation is a major contributing factor to hypoxia (caused by the activation of hypoxia-inducing factor 1 alpha, HIF-1α) and a reduced susceptibility of transformed cells to chemotherapy in cancer [48] as well as in relation to granuloma-restricted Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected cells in pulmonary tuberculosis [49].