EHEC and the mouse A/E pathogen Citrobacter rodentium grown without DMEM priming (i.e., bacteria poorly expressing the virulence regulon) stimulate inflammasomes similarly to non-pathogenic E. coli K12, resulting in non-canonical NLRP3 activation in mouse macrophages at 10–18 h post-infection (Rathinam et al., 2012, Gurung et al., 2012, Vanaja et al., 2016). Here, NLRP3 is linked to infection.