It is one of the members of the CC chemokine family of proteins, and upregulation of CCL5 can increase the aggressive potential of PCa cells and the size of PCa stem cell populations.30, 31, 32, 33 Moreover, it has also been verified that overexpression of CCL5 facilitates tumor progression19, 21 and can activate PI3K/Akt and STAT3 signaling pathway, which plays a vital role in tumor progression, adhesion, and drug resistance in breast and ovarian cancers.17, 18, 20 CCL5, as previously shown,32 directly increased PCa cell migration. Here, STAT3 is linked to posterior cortical atrophy.