TNF and leprosy: Another study also focused on M. leprae antigens (ML0276, ML1623, ML0405, ML1632, 92f, and ML1011) that stimulated host markers (eotaxin, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-15, IL-17A, IL-23, IL-31, IP-10, and TNF-α) in a WBA in a Brazil population, which demonstrated that IFN-γ is currently the best indicator of an antigen-specific cellular immune response and that none of the biomarkers tested could discriminate leprosy patients from HHCs [17].