For example, studies of Noonan Syndrome-associated cardiac defects reveal that hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is observed in less than 20% of cases linked to PTPN11/SHP2 or SOS1 mutations [108,109], but greater than 90% of RAF1 mutations [39,40]. The gene discussed is PTPN11; the disease is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.