TGFB1 and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Furthermore, astrocytic production of pro-inflammatory mediators, such as type 1 interferons, TGF-β1, and prostaglandin D2, has been demonstrated to be upregulated in ALS-patient post-mortem tissues and in ALS models based on embryonic stem cell-derived human astrocytes [113, 159, 160].