APP and Alzheimer disease: In AD, neuroinflammation is characterized by the accumulation of cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, or TGF-β, which can, through activation of β- and γ-secretase activity, further contribute to cerebral amyloid deposition, augmentation of APP expression, Aβ formation, and finally to recruitment and activation of microglial cells [145].