INS and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: In addition to the extensive knowledge on S. cumini effects on peripheral insulin sensitivity, particularly on the PPARα/γ pathways, we hypothesize that HESc polyphenols might also interfere with the ER stress-sensing IRE1α/XBP-1s pathway, which has also been proposed as an important mechanism underlying the development of NAFLD and hypertriglyceridemia, as demonstrated in hepatocyte-specific IRE1α-null mice [11] and MSG-obese rats [8].