TGFB1 and inflammatory bowel disease: SMAD7, a negative regulator of the TGFβ pathway overexpressed in IBD, was evaluated as a therapeutic target using the adoptive transfer colitis model [69], and mongersen, a SMAD7 antisense oligonucleotide, showed promising results in phase II trials; unfortunately, the phase III trial lacked emerging benefit, leading to its termination (NCT02596893).