Notably, ubiquitination of endogenous BRAF was induced by TNFα or IL-1β treatment in both melanocytes and melanoma cells (Fig. 4c; Supplementary Fig. 6e–h), while depletion of ITCH abrogated TNFα-stimulated BRAF ubiquitination (Supplementary Fig. 6i, j). Here, BRAF is linked to melanoma.