Moreover, the binding of endogenous BRAF with 14–3–3 proteins was attenuated after melanoma cells were treated with TNFα (Fig. 6c; Supplementary Fig. 9g), which were shown to activate JNK/ITCH to facilitate BRAF ubiquitination (Fig. 4a–c; Supplementary Fig. 6f). This evidence concerns the gene ITCH and melanoma.