ULK1 and lobular neoplasia: To validate the above EM results, which idicated that there was higher autophagic activity from LN patients than that from healthy controls in glomeruli, particularly in podocytes, and to find the most efficient interfering points to delay the progress of LN, the expression levels of four autophagic biomarkers (Beclin-1, LC3, ULK1, and ATG7) in renal tissues from LN patients and control specimens were measured.