Moreover, we found globally no marked changes in mRNA levels of different genes involved in heart failure (Anf, Bnp, Myh7), fibrosis (connective tissue growth factor, collagen type 1 alpha 1, collagen type 3 alpha 1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) or cardiac catabolism (Murf1, P62, LC3) (Fig 7A–7C), except the increased expression of connective tissue growth factor (Ctgf) and Myh7 in the high dose CLi treated (Run+CLi-High) mdx mice as compared to non-treated mdx mice (Fig 7B) (p<0.05). Here, NPPA is linked to heart failure.