Among the nine TLRs (TLR1-9) expressed in normal epithelial cells of the colon, three (TLR-2-4) are increased in most colorectal cancer cell lines.43 The activation of PPARγ prevents the production of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1β in the intestinal mucosa of the colon. Here, PPARG is linked to colorectal cancer.