SR and AF groups showed no significant differences considering initial echocardiographic findings, including LAVI (p=0.19), LA reservoir (p=0.85), conduit (p=0.67), and pump (p=0.54) functions and concentrations of NT-proANP (p=0.31) and NT-proBNP (p=0.96) (Table 1). The gene discussed is NPPB; the disease is atrial fibrillation.