It ispossible that activated astrocytes increase the production and release of C3, whichin turn interacts with neuronal and microglial C3aR, altering neuronal function andregulation of phagocytosis, respectively, as has been described for models of AD(Lian et al., 2015;Lian et al., 2016;Litvinchuk et al.,2018). Here, C3AR1 is linked to Alzheimer disease.