Exposure of primary normal human bronchial epithelial cells (NHBE) and lung adenocarcinoma cells (A549) to both broccoli sprout extracts as well as individual ITCs (e.g., SFN, BITC and PEITC) have led to upregulation of GSTP1 (Glutathione S-transferase P) and NQO1 (NAD(P)H dehydrogenase [quinone] 1) phase II enzymes [89]. Here, NQO1 is linked to lung adenocarcinoma.