CXCL1 and necrotizing enterocolitis: Finally, FLLL32 treatment decreased levels of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and growth-regulated oncogene-alpha (GRO-α) compared to levels in pups with untreated NEC, thereby inhibiting NEC-associated inflammation, likely through a TLR4/NF-κB-dependent reduction in signaling (Figure 3F–I).