TNF and hepatitis A virus infection: IL-10 deficiency increased the development of chronic enterocolitis and inflammatory bowel disease in mice [40, 41] and has also been shown to protect hepatic injury in mice induced by LPS and concanavalin A. Treatment with anti-IL-10 antibody increased the severity of hepatitis and IL-12, IFN-γ, and TNF-α in the serum of mice [42].