IL-1α and IL-1β cytokines stimulate the release of chemotactic cytokines such as IL-8, either directly or in synergy with TNF-α (28, 29) and are involved in the pathologies of several skin diseases including psoriasis, cutaneous lupus erythematosus, atopic dermatitis, and autoimmune blistering diseases (11, 30). Here, TNF is linked to atopic eczema.