IL-1α and IL-1β cytokines stimulate the release of chemotactic cytokines such as IL-8, either directly or in synergy with TNF-α (28, 29) and are involved in the pathologies of several skin diseases including psoriasis, cutaneous lupus erythematosus, atopic dermatitis, and autoimmune blistering diseases (11, 30). Here, TNF is linked to cutaneous lupus erythematosus.