TLR9 activation on pDCs results in several effects: (1) secretion of type-1 interferons (4) (2) secretion of Th1 type cytokines (e.g., TNFα, IFNγ, IL2) (10) (3) expression of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) which can induce tumor cell death directly (9) and (4) expression of co-stimulatory molecules (e.g., CD80, CD86) and lymph node homing signal CCR7 (9). Here, TNFSF10 is linked to neoplasm.