TNF and Pectus excavatum: Other host factors and phenotypes that are associated with NTM lung disease include advanced age, thin body habitus often with thoracic cage abnormalities such as scoliosis and pectus excavatum, gastroesophageal reflux, and use of inhaled corticosteroids and anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha (anti-TNF-α) therapies (Shang et al., 2011; Bryant et al., 2016; Honda et al., 2018).