HMGB1 and systemic lupus erythematosus: Since then, a number of studies have confirmed that HMGB1 plays a central role in the pathogenesis of many diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), acute liver failure (ALF), tumors, and cerebrovascular diseases (Cully, 2013; Majumdar et al., 2013; Jian et al., 2016; Xiong et al., 2016; Seidu et al., 2017; Hossain et al., 2018).