Given the inverse associations between serum ALT and early IFNγ/TNF responses in γδT-cells to PMA/Ionomycin stimulation in CHB, CHB subjects with and without a recent hepatitis flare (ALT/ULN ≥10 within a month of immune analyses) were further compared for IFNγ/TNF responses in γδT-cells. Here, GPT is linked to hepatitis A virus infection.