TGFB1 and cardiomyopathy: Other growth factors, such as the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway, G-protein signaling, Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, AKT/PI3K pathway, TGF-β signaling, JNK/MAPK pathway, and the apoptosis pathway, have been implicated in cardiomyopathy.