Univariate analysis showed that the clinical risk factors for PARE were male gender (p=0.04), diabetes (p=0.004), symptoms of pleuritis (pleuritic chest pain or anhelation) (p=0.003), WBC>10×109/L (p=0.001), Albumin level <2.5 g/dl (p=0.012), and positive sputum culture (p=0.026) (Table 3). Here, ALB is linked to diabetes mellitus.