Clinical infections caused by NTHi are characterized by intense inflammation that has been largely attributed to LOS, the major component of the H. influenzae cell wall [22]; LOS has the capacity to activate pro-inflammatory responses due to the interaction of lipid A with TLR4-signaling complex resulting in NF-κB activation with subsequent expression of multiple pro-inflammatory molecules [23]. The gene discussed is TLR4; the disease is infection.