Although the percentage of total CD8+ cells appeared to be unaffected by the combination of NextA and anti-PD-1 antibody, breaking down the populations into central memory vs. effector memory showed that the combination of both agents, pre-treatment with NextA as well as single therapy with anti-PD1 antibody enhances the effector memory T cell compartment within the tumor tissue (Fig. 3F,G). This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and neoplasm.