Interestingly, other PARPs have a clear role in the pathophysiology of TDP-43-associated ALS in addition to PARP1; Drosophila melanogaster Tankyrase-1 and Tankyrase-2 (also known as PARP-5a and PARP-5b; refer to §6 for details) regulate the specific cytoplasmic aggregation of TDP-43. The gene discussed is TARDBP; the disease is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.