The inhibitory effects of TM on activation of MAPK signaling under the conditions of inflammation and proliferation are shown in Figure 1A. The indirect TM-mediated cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects, initiated by APC through activation of PAR1, are shown in Figure 1B. Noting the key roles that MAPKs play in regulation of different pathophysiological processes including proliferation, differentiation, migration survival and apoptosis, the molecules of the MAPK signaling pathways are ideal drug targets for a number of inflammatory diseases including different type of cancers. Here, F2R is linked to cancer.