Thus, vaccine-based immunotherapy may overcome the resistance of pancreatic cancer towards immune checkpoint inhibitors by facilitating infiltration of tumor specific effector cells into the tumor site and upregulating PD-L1 expression, while immune checkpoint inhibitors may enhance the efficacy of vaccine-induced antitumor immune response by targeting PD-L1 signals on tumor cells [93]. The gene discussed is CD274; the disease is familial pancreatic carcinoma.