The development of targeted therapies, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway inhibitors, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors, and, more recently, the emergence of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), such as anti-programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1), anti-programmed death receptor ligand 1 (PD-L1), and anti-cytotoxic T lymphocytes antigen 4 (CTLA-4), have led to a wide treatment landscape remodelling, targeting the tumour micro-environment (Table 1). Here, CTLA4 is linked to neoplasm.