TNF and cancer: Among the gene sets, several pathways are well‐established in cancers, including interleukin (IL) 6/Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 signaling, tumor necrosis factor α signaling via nuclear factor‐κB, IL2/STAT5 signaling, the p53 pathway and the KRAS signaling pathway (Fig. 7).