AZGP1 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Our previous studies together with others have revealed the close association between serum ZAG levels and traditional cardiovascular risk factors for PCAD, including obesity (14–16), type 2 diabetes mellitus (27), hypertension (18), dyslipidemia (12, 28), chronic kidney disease (29, 30), polycystic ovary syndrome (31), and smoking (19).