Based on the findings from this preclinical research, we suggest that stimulation of the SIRT1/PGC1-α/NRF1/TFAM signaling pathway by NIR PBM and CoQ10 could regulate neuronal mitochondrial biogenesis, thereby providing neuroprotection against delayed cell death after cerebral ischemia, especially in aged brains (Figure 9). Here, NRF1 is linked to brain ischemia.