TFAM and brain ischemia: Based on the findings from this preclinical research, we suggest that stimulation of the SIRT1/PGC1-α/NRF1/TFAM signaling pathway by NIR PBM and CoQ10 could regulate neuronal mitochondrial biogenesis, thereby providing neuroprotection against delayed cell death after cerebral ischemia, especially in aged brains (Figure 9).