Although mechanisms underpinning how environmental carcinogens cause cancer are not fully understood, many cause DNA damage that results in mutations, as demonstrated experimentally in reporter genes (e.g., lacZ) and cancer-related genes (e.g., RAS and TP53) (DeMarini et al., 2001, Giglia-Mari and Sarasin, 2003, Pfeifer, 2000, Zhivagui et al., 2017). This evidence concerns the gene TP53 and cancer.