NLRP3 and Abnormal intestine morphology: We previously reported that P31-43 induces additional pro-inflammatory effects on Caco-2 cells, namely NLRP3 inflammasome activation and NF-κB p65 translocation into the nucleus with consequent increased IL-1β production and upregulation of IL-15 [12], a known mediator of the gliadin-induced enteropathy [5–8,30,31].