ESR1 and prostate carcinoma: Considering that both Zfhx3 and ERβ are necessary for proper development of mouse prostates, both possess a tumor suppressor activity in prostate cancer, ZFHX3 interacts with ERα to modulate its functions, and ERβ is highly homologous to ERα; it is reasonable to propose that ZFHX3 and ERβ interact with each other to modulate cell proliferation and tumor growth of prostate cancer cells.