CSF2 and neoplasm: Our results showed a significant reduction in the relative mRNA expression of GMCSF (Fig. 3a) (P < 0.01), GCSF(Fig. 3b) (P < 0.01), MCSF(Fig. 3c) (P < 0.001), IL-1β(Fig. 3d) (P < 0.01), VEGF(Fig. 3e) (P < 0.05), IL-6(Fig. 3f) (P < 0.05), IFN-g (Fig. 3g) (P < 0.01), IL-14(Fig.3h) (P < 0.01), IL-13(Fig. 3i) (P < 0.01), TGF-β(Fig. 3j) (P < 0.01), CCL-17(Fig. 3k) (P < 0.01) and CCL-22(Fig. 3l) (P < 0.01) in the Py-treated group compared to the control group suggesting that Plasmodium infection could inhibit the generation of immunosuppressive cells in the tumor microenvironment.