VEGFA and age-related macular degeneration: Importantly, BRB breakdown induces retinal swelling and cystoid edema, which are manifested in exudative AMD correlating with complicated factors such as VEGF, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), protein kinase C beta (PKC-β), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2), etc. [17].