MAPK3 and glioblastoma: This effect was due to different molecular mechanisms, involving the ERK1/2 phosphorylation pathway on differentiated GBM cells and an increase in Smad 1/5/8 phosphorylation, which is a downstream effector of the morphogenetic protein (BMP), which in turn is relevant in glial cell differentiation of glioblastoma stem cells (GSC) [58] (Figure 1).