We further found an increase in the immunoreactivity for the microglial marker Iba-1 (Fig. 2e) and a trend in increase of GFAP immunoreactivity (an astrocytic marker) (Fig. 2f) in the hippocampi of infected pups 24 h after bacterial infection when compared to sPBS-injected mice. Here, AIF1 is linked to bacterial infectious disease.