MAPK8 and neoplasm: The stress-activated c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK) participates in the cell-signalling pathway associated with stress and inflammatory processes, which in particularly those of the animals in the W group are in inflammation and stress processes in the setting of cachexia, particularly when the Walker-tumour cell burden exceeds 10% of an animal’s body weight (in this study, the tumour/body weight ratio reached more than 12%, [29]), as noted previously by several researchers [34, 41, 42].